The behaviour of electrons involves virtual values called numbers
The
smallest object of "real" matter is the atom.
The atom is representated as a dense positively charged nucleus, made up of protons (positive charges) and neutrons, and surrounded by electrons (negative charges) revolving on many shells.
Atoms are classified by their atomic numbers
The
structure
and properties depend on the number of protons, or positively
charged mass units, in the nucleus of an atom. This number represents the location
of an element in the periodic table established by Mendeleïev, as
well, it is always the same as the number of (negatively charged) electrons
when the atom is electrically neutral.
Charged
atoms are called ions.
Cations are atoms with fewer electrons on their shells than protons and have
a positive charge.
Anions are atoms with more electrons on their shells than protons and have a
negative charge.
Max
Planck, in 1897 then in 1900 noted that matter was not continuous but was distributed
by levels of energy called quanta. An electron in its orbital motion around
the nucleus of an atom either emits or absorbs a photon when it passes from
an energy level to another. This quantity of energy,
the photon, is a quantum of electromagnetic energy.
The
space limits within which an electron is most probably located are established
by four quantum numbers
the orbital is the energy level of an electron within a shell. Each shell is composed of several orbitals or subshells. Thus, an orbital represents the mathematical probality where an electron will be found at any point in a specific volume of space. the energy state of each orbital is defined by its quantum numbers.
The
main quantum number is always a whole number which gives information on the
energy of the electron.
The importance of numbers within nature is shown by the
numbers of electrons revolving on shells around the nucleus of each atom of
matter.
1: As the electron is considered as a light wave as well as a particle,
2:
As the electrons belonging normally to the outer-shell of the structure of an
atom are concerned in the phenomena of light and conduction and also in the
chemical property of the same atom,
;An
atom is the bearer of numbers and has been since its cosmic creation. Consequently,
matter in all its states also
carries numbers.
We can state that the periodic table confirms that atoms are related by numbers
| Table
taken from encyclopaedic data. Here the purpose is to show the logic of nature through the description of the atom, of which the behaviour of quantum has no logic. |
Design
of the atom
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The value of Numbers given by the quantity of electrons which revolve around the nucleus of the atom. |
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One electron revolves around the nucleus of the atom formed by only one proton.
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![]() Hydrogen |
1
|
| With two electrons, the first orbit shell surrounding the nucleus is saturated. |
![]() Helium |
2
|
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An atom is electrically neutral, except in an ionized state, when one or more electrons have been gained or lost. |
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3
|
|
8
electrons are needed to saturate the outer shell of any atom. Electrons
which are in the outer shell are commonly the means by which the atoms
enters into chemical combinations. |
![]() Béryllium |
4 |
|
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5 |
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Carbon
posseses 2+4 electrons.
Carbon readily shares its valence electrons with other elements as in
methane (CH4) |
![]() Carbon |
6
|
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7 |
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8 |
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Fluorine is the most reactive member of the halogen family. It has 7 electrons on its outer shell so that it exhibits strong attraction for one electron to complete the shell. It is also the same thing for chlorine. |
![]() Fluor |
9 |
| The
outer shell of the neon atom is closed. The neon does not tend to give up
or accept any electrons. Rare gases have their ideal number on their outer shell. They have no overall capacity in a chemical combination except in certain exceptions. |
![]() Neon |
10
|
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Numbers
of electrons revolving around the nucleus
|
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| After the saturation of its electron inner shells, a sodium atom which posseses 11 electrons has to take a third orbit where a unique electron will revolve. This is the reason why sodium is very dangerous to handle. It reacts violently with water as well as with air and oxygen. |
11
Sodium
(2+8+1) |
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With its 4 outer shell electrons, silicon has a chemistry rather similar to that of carbon. Silicon is a non metallic element, the second most abundant on earth and a constituent of many rocks.
|
12
Magnesium (2+8+2) |
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Sodium
has but one electron on its outer shell that readily links with an atom
which posseses 7 electrons on its outer shell. This is the case for chlorine
forming sodium chloride as the sodium loses one electron and thus becomes
positively charged, while the chlorine gains the electron and becomes
negatively charged.
|
17
Chlorine
(2+8+7) |
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Argon
is part of a series of rare gases. |
18
Argon
(2+8+8) |
This list continues in a logical way now looking at numerous atoms. The uranium used as fuel for nuclear power stations posseses 92 electrons and plutonium, 94 electrons.
The number establishes the differences and creates the nature of things.
Quantum of electromagnetic energy links the concrete appearance of an object in relationship to virtual values that evolve more and more towards ideas. Any project leading towards a material or spiritual construction is dependant on numbers.
Numbers are the bases of figures generated through spacial dynamics and steer the